CHHATRAPATI SHAHU JI MAHARAJ A REVOLUTIONARY KING (1874-1922).

(Remembering a kindhearted Dalit King on his140th Birthday falling on 26^th June,2014)

Rajarshi Chhatrapati ShahuJi Maharaj was the Maharaja or the king of an Indian princely State Kolhapur and was known to be a great social reformer of his time. Shahu was a staunch follower of Mahatma Jyotiba Phule and devoted his life for the up-liftment of his subjects including untouchables. He was described by his renowned biographer Shri A.B. Latthe as "The greatest Maharaja that ever sat on the thrown of Kohlapur and one of the powerful men that the nation ever produced in its long& brilliant history". Chhatarpati Shahu Ji Maharaja's concern for good administration can be judged from his statement "Although I am on the throne of Kohlapur, I feel proud to call myself as solider, farmer or labourer. While addressing meeting in Madras he said " I am here not as king but friend to those whose pitiable condition shall melt even a stone hearted person "

Rajarshi Shahu Chhatrapati was born on 26 July in the year 1874 as Yeshwantrao Ghatge. He was the eldest son of Narayan Dinkarrao Ghatke also called Appa saheb Ghatge and his wife Radhabai,. Narayan Dinkarrao Ghatke was the head of Kagal and his wife was the daughter of the Raja of Mudhol that's in today's Karnataka state.. Narayan Dinkarrao Ghatke was Regent to Kohlapur State, so lived in Laxminivas Palace in Kohlapur where Yeshwantrao Ghatge was born. This caused Shahu's family to remain closely associated with the ruling dynasty of Kolhapur. It also helped Shahu Chhatrapati's descending on the throne despite his not being a male-line member of the Bhonsle dynasty. Shahu Ji Maharaj lost his father at the age of 12 years and his mother when he was only three years.  Young prince Shahu received his earlier education under the care of his father. As luck would have it Yeshwantrao Ghatge when a child of only 10 years, he was adopted by Anandibai, the widow of Chhatarpati Maharaja Shivaji IV ( Narayanarao) of Kolhapur on March 17^th, 1884. So he ascended to the throne of Kohlapur Chhatrapati and was given the name as Shahu Ji Maharaj at an early age of 12years only. Appasaheb Ghatge passed away on 20^th March 1886.

Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj was married to Shrimati Lakshmibai née Khanvilkar (1880–1945),, the daughter of a Maratha nobleman shri Meharban Gunajirao Khanvilkar from Baroda having blood relation with Chhatrapati of Satara. His 11 years old bride was selected by his father before his death. Shahu Ji's marriage was ceremonised on 1^st, April 1891, But as per the will of his father Shahu Ji was not to touch his wife and maintain strict celibacy till he was 18 years old and fully grown up so as to father healthy children, Shahu Ji Maharaj couple was blessed with four children. Shahu Ji Maharaj was over five feet and nine inches in height and bore majestic appearance of a real Maratha king. Wrestling was one of the favorite sports of Chhatrapati Shahu. Wrestlers from all over the country would come to his state of Kolhapur to participate in the wrestling competition.

After the untimely death of his father people became worried as to how to look after the minor king. Mr. William Lee-Warner a friend of Appa saheb Ghatge was then Assistant Political Agent to Kohlapur & Secretary to Bombay State. He decided to sent Shahu Ji to Rajkot for study. Mr. William Lee-Warner also got appointed Sir Sturt Milford Fraser I.C.S.as tutor and guardian to Shahu Ji .So Shahu Ji got his Education at Dharwad in karnaka, about 130 kilometers from Kohlapur. At Dharwad Shahu Ji was given regular sound education. He was taught English, Arithmetic, Geography, economic, Law, Revenue and others connected subjects. After school timing Shahu Ji attended to Drill, games and martial arts.

At regular interval he was taken to rural areas , places of pilgrimages, office and other work places , so as to make him acquaint with local problems which he was supposed to face in future as a king. After receiving proper training and education in all administrative spheres Chhatrapati Shahu Ji's coronation took place on2nd April, 1894 with Royal pump & show. Therefore after 32 years Kohlapur State was put under direct rule of their Chhatarpati. Lokmanya Tilak and neighboring rulers wished Shahu Ji Maharaj all success.

Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj is known to have done a lot for the upliftment of the poor and the down trodden. Shahu Chhatrapati tried his level best to make education and jobs available to all those living in his domain. He created history by becoming light of masses, eradication of poverty, ignorance, backwardness, equality among all his subjects under his Government orders. He tried to remove Superstitions from the mind of the backward classes by giving them free and compulsory education He studied closely the situation in spread of education among his subjects through Government and private run schools. He found the following report data prepared in 1850.

Community	Students in	Students in
	English Schools	Vernacular Schools
Brahmin	47	46
Sheinvis	07	—
Prabhu	05	—
Maratha	03	04
Muslim	03	—
Oil Presser (Teli)	01	03
Ginjin	01	—
Kodale	01	—
Sunar( Goldsmiths)	—	03
Kesar	—	02
Shilpi( Tailor)	—	01
Others	03	—
Total	71	59

Note: - Vide Graham D.C.: The Statical Report of the Principality Of Kohlapur

Bombay Rajrshi Shahuji Maharal Ka Jeevan Sangarash (Mool Nivasi Publication New Delhi 2002 Hind)

The Maharaja came in contact with Dr B.R. Ambedkar and was greatly impressed by his revolutionary ideas. The first conference of untouchables was organized under leadership of Shahu Ji Maharaj (21-22 March) 1920 at Mangaon Kohlapur, Dr Ambedkar was Chairman. The Maharaja told the gathering that they had found a leader in Dr Ambedkar who will work for their amelioration.

Observing the pitiable condition of Backward classes (SC's, St' & OBC's) in the field of education, Maharaja ordered to close all community based separate schools for Brahmin & Dalit Students. He closed sixteen separate schools opened only for the backward classes and ordered their merger with common Government schools on 30^th September 1919. This forced students from all sections of his subjects to study in common Government schools. He further ordered stringent punishment for any student found observing Untouchability in schools. He worked for Universalizing Education in Kohlapur State. He sanctioned scholarships to the students coming from the POOR AND Backward Classes besides meritorious students.

As untouchables were forced from centuries to live outside the Upper Caste habitations. Their places of living were filth filled. They used to lift dead animals from the houses of the upper Caste peoples, extracted their skins and ate the carcasses. Mare shadow of an Untouchable was considered to pollute upper Caste persons, not to speak of their touch. If an untouchable had to go to market place, he had to tie an earthen pot from his neck for spitting in it and a broom at his back to clean his foot prints from the path else they pollute a Brahmin following him. Untouchables then were forbidden to wear clean clothes, turbans as head gears, keep moustaches, ride a horse on marriages or festivals times, wear ornaments, send their children to schools or have water from common well or tank , use Rest Places or serve in Government department except as sweepers. Shahu Ji Maharaj appointed his Coachman from among the untouchables, who served Maharajaas his personal assistance. Maharaj Ji used to take tea, water, and meals from the untouchable houses to show that he himself does not observe untouchability  from the core of his heart and shall punish anybody observing it howsoever high caste he or she may belong to. Observance of Untouchability in any form in any Government establishment was banned on 15th, January 1919 and erring persons ordered to be punished. The village officers (Patil & Talathi) were made answerable for non compliance of His Highness's orders by any body.

On the invitation of the Justice Party government of the Raja of Panagal better known as Sir Panaganti Ramarayaningar KCIE, (1866-1928) Chhatarpati Shahu Ji Maharaj while addressing meeting in Madras he said, "I am here not as a king but friend to those ,whose pitiful condition shall melt even a stone hearted person. Raja of Pangal was an active in the All-India Non-Brahmin movement. He was a friend of Shahu Ji Maharaj and was closely associated with the Satya Shodhak Samaj movement. Raja of Panagal was Chief Minister or Premier of Madras Presidency from July 11, 1921 to December 3, 1926. Raja of Panagal introduced reservations for backward classes in government jobs in 1921.

In Kohlapur out of 71 State Government officers, 60 were Brahmins and 11 non Brahmins but non from Backward classes. Backward classes included all classes of peoples excluding Brahmins, Prabhus, Shenis Parsis and other advanced classes. So he dared to negate the Laws of Manu and Manusmiriti by sanctioning 50% Reservation for the backward Classes in Kohlapur State Services on 26^th July 1902 for government department's posts. This was his 28^th birthday gift to his people against the tough opposition from upper caste Brahmin Ministers who numbered over 98% in his Cabinet. . As per the Laws of Manu in Manusmiriti 100% dignified jobs and services including those of temple priests were reserved for Brahmins( Twice born) and people coming from Upper Castes. He issued instructions to his Dewan during his London visit to get issued this Royal Order and stressed

its application in his State forthwith with warning that erring officers daring non compliance to it, be removed from the service of the state Of Kohlapur.

Details of Employment in services are given below (Before and after the issue of this order);

Employment         Year         Brahmins     Non Brahmins with Marathas included      Untouchables

Govt Depts.        1894             60                        11                                                       Nil

Private Sector   1894             46                           07                                                        Nil

No of students 1894               2,522                         8,088                                               234

GovtDepts.       1922         26                            59                                                          Nil

Private Sector   1922           43                        109                                                          01

No of students  1922       2,722                   21,027                                                       2,164

Note;- Population of Brahmins was 3% of the total populationof the State of Kohlapur.

His great grandfather Chhatarpati Shiva Ji the other Great Maratha king, were treated with contempt by Brahmins, so they cared little for praises or irk of Brahmins. But Shahu Ji passed laws to allow training of non-Brahmin males as temple priests. He passed orders declaring religious places properties as Kohlapur State properties. He ordered that the appointment of Shanka-achariyas in future shall be with approval from Kohlapur State authority. He abolished Kulkarni system and appointed Kshatrya Jagadguru ringing a bells of reasons, secularism for his subjects. He approved conducting of marriages without a Brahmin priest as valid marriage. He promoted inter caste marriages among his subjects. Many good hearted Brahmins like V.D. Topkhane, Gopal Krishan Gokhale, and Raja ram Shastri supported the progressive efforts of the Maharaja issued for the welfare of his subjects. Shahu Ji was associated with many progressive activities in the society

including education for women. He was greatly influenced by the contributions of social reformer Jyotiba Phule and Satya Sodhak Samaj principles. Primary education to all regardless of caste and creed was one of the significant moves of the King.

His orders dated 22August 1919 granting equal treatment to Untouchables by all Kohlapur State officers was strong and clear. All employees of his state including those serving in Municipal Boards were to get facilities of Provident fund. The curse of forced labour was done away with under His Highness's orders dated 3^rd May, 1920. Even State Dewan, state Regent and all higher officers were ordered to comply with this and wags for the any forced labour were ordered to be deducted in case of non compliance from the salary of the erring officer for disbursement to the effected labourer. However it created ill will towards Maharaj a by irrational thinking superstitious Brahmins who were supported by Lokmanya Bal Ganga Dhar Tilak and some others. While opposing right of higher Education to Backward Classes, Tilak is on record to have said in one of his speech dated 11November,1917 ( Javatmal Maharashtra)" would the tailors use sewing machine, the peasants that plough and the merchants the scale of balance in the council" Tilak & congress party was for the Backward classes peopled to follow their ancestral trades, where only elementary education was needed. Determined to implement his egalitarian thoughts the Maharaja was prepared to face all his adversaries opposing these measures. On 15 April, 1920 Chhatarpati Shahu Ji Maharaj replied thus to Tilak, "Tilak would have been ashamed of expressing such thoughts in his speech Brahmin V/s Brahmantra. Tilak advised untouchables not to take secondary education after primary education. He wanted them to learn the crafts of their castes, thus he believed in constitution of the caste profession for the untouchables and not in giving them the higher education "However Maharaja was not against Brahmins but Brahmanism and Brahminical ways and their halfhearted reforms. The plea forrunning governments on the principles of Manusmriti was out rightly rejected by Shahu Ji Maharaj.

He was unique in many ways. Against the established principle of suppression of the agitations by the trade unions demanding welfare measures. He encouraged them to strive hard to have their rights granted. Against stiff opposition from the upper Caste Officers he appointed a non Brahmin Mr. Bhaskarrao Jadhav in his State services. Since Mr. Bhaskarrao Jadhav had high qualities of head and heart earning distinctions in the M. A LL.B academic examinations, Bhaskarrao Jadhav proved good fried of Maharaja and Kohlapur along with downtrodden state subjects. Many good works done in Kolhapur bear his contributions. Later Maharaja persuaded him to contest elections for the office under Montage-Chelmsford Reforms of 1921. He served as an able Minister in Bombay Government from 1923-1930. He contributed in carrying forward the activities of the Satya Shodak Samaj established by Mahatma Phule. Mr. Bhaskarrao Jadhav proved a corner stone in founding non Brahmin Movement in Bombay Presidency.                                                                                                     An OBC person under the amended Reservation Rules was appointed a clerk in judiciary services. A Brahmin j udge complained against this employee to the Maharaja as being unworthy and so for his dismissal. Upon this Maharaja said to the judge that he leave this man to you (judge) for a month, and you make him worthy by injecting your qualities in him else you (judge) shall be dismissed. This man remained with the judge for three months without any work assigned to him, but the judge gave him certificate of bring meritorious. Thus failed the plan of the Brahmin judge to get ousted an untouchable from service on flimsy grounds.

Shahu Ji Maharaj not only did pioneering social reforms but also he got executed many developmental and other welfare works. In 1909 the construction in Ratnagari a dam creating Maharani Laxmi Tank with another twenty new tanks bringing revolution in the Irrigation and drinking water systems. He built hostels for students. He started work of Shau Chhatarpati Spinning and Weaving Mills in 1906. Many reforms were initiated to improve existing commerce, industry, judiciary, policing, crime reduction means. He saw to it that rules are for the betterment of people not to harass them.

The state bureaucracy was from Brahmins, Prabhus, Shenis and Parsis who always created hurdles in Maharaj's welfare measure for the Untouchables. So Maharaja took harsh but necessary decisions without fear and favour. He proved that he was the king and his authority was supreme. At a stage he was convinced that the bureaucracy will not allow to flourish him introduce progressive welfare measures; so he dissolved the Council of Administration with member consisting of Dewan of Kohlapur state, Chief Justice, Chief Revenue officer all from the upper castes. He created the Huzur Office or secretariat of the Chhatarpati by appointing his Ex. Teacher R. V. Sabnis as its head . There after all orders of His Highness were issued under his signatures by him. R. V. Sabnis belonged to lower caste Kayastha and his appointment was resisted by Brahmins saying as per Religious rules no lower caste employee can be appointed on higher rank post than Brahmin and a Brahmin shall not serve under any lower caste officer. Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj also appointed a non Brahmin Mr. Bhaskarrao Jadhav for superior in merit than the Brahmins. Maharaja also terminated the services of an arrogant Brahmin teacher who refused to teach Untouchable students in school. He also opened 21 boarding houses for students from all castes of Kohlapur State.

Rajarshi Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj always lent helping hands by all means to anybody from untouchables found in distress. He met Dr B.R. Ambedkar a number of times during 1917-1921. They were introduced by Dattoba Pawar and Dittoba Dalvi (artist) and their association lost till the sudden end of shahu Ji Maharaj in 1922.

When Dr Ambedkar expressed his desire to start a fortnightly newspaper to bring an awakening among Dalits ShahuJi Maharaj denoted Rs 2,500.00 for this noble cause. Dr Ambedkar started " Mooknayak" (Leader of the Dumb ) on 31^st January ,1920. Also when Dr Ambedkar faced financial problems in completion of his higher studies in September 1921. Shahu Ji sent him Rs750.00 with assurance that he can write for any such help to him any time. Again Shahu Ji Maharaj sent a cheque worth Rs1500.00 to Dr Ambedkar at his London address on 5^th October 1921. When Mooknayak landed in financial distressed Shahu Ji Maharaj pulled it out by donating Rs750.00 in January 1921and Rs1000.00 on21^stFebuary,1921.

Rajrishi Chhatarpati shahu Ji Maharaj's qualities of head and heart earned him honorary LLD from Cambridge University,; G.C.S.I; G.C.V.O; G.C.I.E; titles from Queen Victoria, Duke of Connaught & Imperial Darbar respectively. His full official name was: Colonel His Highness Kshatriya- Kulawatasana  Sinhasana Dhishwar,  Shrimant Rajarshi Sir Shahu  Chhatrapati Maharaj Sahib Bahadur, GCSI, GCIE, GCVO.

          As per the law of the nature who so ever is born is to shed the mortal frame. Shahu Ji Maharaj fell in the category of people , who live for others and they are remembered ages after their demise. Shatarpati Ji Maharaj suddenly passed away on 6th May, 1922 at a prime age of 48 years. He was survived by his wife, his elder son Rajaram and his daughter Radhabai .

 Rajrishi Chhatarpati shahu Ji Maharaj has left indelible mark in the history of India. He worked with dedication, strength, intelligent and exerted his authority despite many hurdles. He shall go in the history of Indian Dalit empowerment movement. Our best tributes to the departed Satarpati shall be to remember his contribution, sacrifices and courage to work for his set goals of Dalit empowerment besides  for welfare of all countrymen.

                                                                                        

Turning points in the life of Bharat Ratna Baba Saheb Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar

(On the eve of Baba Sahib Ambedkar’s 123^rd Jyanti falling on 14-04-2014)

Bharat  Ratana Baba Saheb  Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar  was born on 14 th April 1891 at Mhow to  revered  Subedar Major Ramji Sakhpal & Mata Bhimabai of Mahar Community. Mata Bhimabai died when Bhim was only six years old, so he was brought up in the care of his married sisters &  his father’s sister Mirabai .  It is said that Mahars were the rulers of Marashtra ( Mahar + Rashtra ) but because of  Hindu agony  & caste based  values, they were reduced to the level of Untouchables, Sudras,Atisudra, whose only shadow was considered enough to pollute an upper caste Hindu. Ambedkar worked over 18 hours a day. Bhimrao was married to Ramabai at the tender age of 17 years when his wife was only of 9 years.  Mata Ramabai stood like a rock by the side of her Sahib in the later life till her death on May 27, 1935.   Some incidents left life long impressions on Bhim & became turning points of his later life. He sacrificed his life comforts for the just cause of his suffering brethren. While Bhim was in primary school his father remarried which was disliked by him, so he decided to go to Bombay   (Now Mumbai) to get employed in some factory.  For arranging money for traveling he decided to steal money from the purse of his aunt Mirabai with whom he used to sleep on floor at night. Bhim spent four sleepless night to steal the purse and when he succeeded in his efforts, he found only half an Anna (Rs 0.03 paisa), with which he could not go to Bombay. This gave him the first jolt of his life and in sight of what poverty was, so he decided to leave truant habits & concentrate on his studies to pass his examination as early as possible to become independent of his father & step mother. Bhim had seen poverty from a very near, which lost a life long impression on his tender mind.  His father was living a single room in labor basti (colony) in Paral Bombay. Bhim had to study and sleep on floor of in this room which was used as store for all house hold luggage including utensils, as kitchen and night shelter for all family. His marriage was ceremonised in a fish market, after all shops were closed for the night. The mandap for marriage was on a raised plate form on the dirty nallah flowing near the market. As dowry Bhim got a metallic pan, which he kept with him through out his life as a memorial.  This reinforced in him the determination to work for the woman empowerment. His commitment to this, forced him to sacrifice his Union Cabinet Ministry berth when all his efforts failed to get passed the Hindu Code Bill . Hindu Code will could not be passed due to stanch opposition from orthodox Hindu mindset organizations. Even

Dr. Rajindra Prashad first Indian President a stanch  orthodox Snatani Brahmin, threatened to resign if the Bill was passed. This facilitated Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru too a Snatani  Brahmin to back track his promise to Dr Ambedkar to get the Hindu Code Bill passed else he shall resign along with his cabinet. 

He faced the stigma of Untouchability in his childhood. When Bhim was only seven years of age, he along with his elder brother Balram and little nephew were going from Satara to Goregaon to meet his father, who worked at Goregoan as cashier. They got down at Padoli railway station, but their father had not reached to receive them. So with the assistance of the station master, a caste Hindu, the children boarded a bullock cart to go to Goregoan. Only after going a few yards, the god fearing caste Hindu cart man came to know the well dressed children were untouchables, so he threw them down on the road saying they had polluted his cart & animals. As the night was falling, so the children begged to the cart man to help them. The cart man agreed on the terms that he will take double the fare and one of them shall drive the cart and he himself shall walk on foot behind the cart. On the way no body gave them even a drop of water.

Once when Bhim was mad with thrust and started drinking water at a public water place. On seeing these castes Hindus bate him black and blue.  One day a barber turned Bhim out of his shop and refused to cut his hair, as by doing so his razor shall get polluted and no caste Hindu shall come to his shop.  However this barber gladly performed buffalo- shaving with his razor.  These insulting and rude behaviors cast an impression on young Bhim that he belonged to a caste which had no respect with the caste Hindus. He decided to oppose it with all his might in his later life . He first aroused the conscious of caste Hindus to change their mindset towards untouchable Hindus. When his efforts failed due the rigidity of the superstitious Hindus, he announced leaving the Hindu religion which later reinforced his mindset to embrace Buddhism succeeding in reviving Buddhism in India. Childhood caste hate reinforced his will to work for his downtrodden brethren to get them political, constitutional, Religious, educational& economical equal rights in Once a school inspector asked students “Name a thing which you can see but cannot touch”. When other students answered as the Sun, the moon, the stars etc, Bhim pointed towards a water pitcher said “Sir I see it but cannot touch it”

After Bhimrao( often called as Raja by his mates) passed his (F.A ) 12^th class )from Elphinstone College one of his teachers Shri Karloskar, seeing Bhim’s poverty but his mind to have maximum education, took him to Maharaja Giakward for financial help. Maharaja Giakward asked a few questions, which Bhim answered correctly, so Maharaja granted a scholarship of Rupees Twenty Five per month. This was a great turning point in the life of a poor, helpless  Shudra student, who in turn on later days opened two colleges one each at Bombay & Auragabad, which are presently Universities.

After obtaining world’s highest Academic Degreed of M.A. PhD D.Sc., Bar at Law he joined service as Military Secretary to the Maharaja of Baroda. On reaching Baroda he was not accorded any reception befitting his official position. He and his elder brother, who had accompanied him, were not given any accommodation by any hotel. They took shelter in a Parsee inn, but only after a few days his luggage was thrown out from here too, when Parsees came to know that their guest was an touchable. So the World’s most learned academician was abused as arrant knave and despicable untouchable, only because being a low caste Hindu. Again he got spine shivering experience when poor illiterate but high Caste peons thought it polluting and sinful to hand over files or official papers to Doctor Ambedkar. They threw from a distance files and papers at him table. They rolled the mates when the Military Secretary, an untouchable got up to go out.  Drinking water was not made available to him and he had to go to public library for taking water and spending his spare time. His note to the Maharaja was sent to the Diwan, who had shown his inability to help Ambedkar.  He was hungry with sky was his roof & ground his floor. He decided to return to Bombay only after two months from mid September to mid November 1917. Subsequently Dr, Ambedkar resigned from the job and dedicated his whole life for the service of millions of oppressed peoples, who were denied all means of decent livelihood by their own religious rules books. 

What results were produced by poverty & abuses on Bhim:-  Due to handwork of duo father& son,Bhimrao earned world’s Highest academic  Degrees of D.Sc (London );PhD&LL.D(Columbia ); M.A ; D. Lit ( Osmania )  Bar –At- Law (London ) .etc Dr Ambedkar knew seven languages. Dr Ambedkar also served  on highly prestigious positions  as Labour member of Viceroy’s Executive Council (1942-46 ) ; First Law Minister Of Independent India & earned the distinction of serving  as Chairman Of the Constitution Drafting  Committee to draft Constitution for free India & is so called “ father Of Indian constitution.” Some called him Mother of Indian Constitution as well. He proved an emancipator for Dalits, a torch bearer for the liberation of slaves’ world over & soft & kind for his peoples, but an insurmountable rock for his opponents. He contributed for the freedom of India, but more for the Dalits, who were slaves to the slaves of British India. Dr Ambedkar lost four children      (three sons and one daughter) for want of appropriate medical treatment. This besides giving him grief made the world’s top economist, determined to break economic chains of his Dalit brethren.  He was highly praised by those who understood his odious cause for the liberation of his Dalit community persons, but also abused as traitor by those who never appreciated his mission of life & wanted to maintain status-quo in social, political, economic & religious spheres even after independence. Many peoples from different shades of life have expressed their views on the working, personality, handwork, knowledge, experience, contributions, commitment to his mission of Dr Ambedkar to eulogized Doctor’s services to different fields. Dr. Ambedkar passed away in his sleep at 26 Alipore roads New Delhi on 6^th of December 1956 and was cremated at Dadar Hindu Crematorium Bombay). Over ten lacs mourners witnessed the last rites and over one lac embraced Buddhism on the day. The pyre was lit by his only son Yashwantrao Ambedkar at 7.30 pm.

One of the major contributions of Dr. Ambedkar was to give fight to change the age old system of the Hindus to deny major chunk of their co- followers called the untouchables or Dalits, the right to have better prospects in the education social, economical, religious & political fields. By dint of his hard labour Dr. Ambedkar proved that given proper helping circumstances any body can excel in all fields including education irrespective of one’s caste, creed, religion, faith, sex or place of birth.. It was the partial treatment in the Hindu society which resulted in giving poverty to the Dalits and administrative rod to the Upper Castes. SO all human right to Dalits as to have equal opportunities for education, religion, economical & social status in the society were denied .  He advised the society to encourage girl education & family planning to boost all out progress of the society. He introduced in the Parliament on 5^th February 1951 The Hindu Code bill, which was opposed by many including the Hindu Mahasabha & other orthodox Hindus As Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee Dr, Ambedkar granted equal fundamental rights, including equal wages for equal work, equality before Law to all citizen   irrespective of caste, creed, race, sex, religion or place of birth.  His single handed efforts routed out by law the stigma of untouchability in the Hindu religion, although it is yet clinging the orthodox Hindus in a big way even after five decades of enactment of Law to ban it in all its forms..  He brought back Buddha to India when he embraced Buddhism on 14^thOctober 1956 along with over three lacs of men & women. Dr. Ambedkar lived for 22 days after conversion to Buddhism and during this small period over Five Lacs Dalits got converted to their original faith. Danajay Keer a biographer of Dr. Ambedkar wrote “To visit Dr.Ambedkar, was to visit a speaking museum.”

V.P Singh Prime Minister of India , when Bharat Ratna, the nation’s highest civilian honour was conferred posthumously on Dr. Ambedkar on his 99^th Birth Anniversary 14^th April 1990, by the President Of India ,said “ It was a befitting though belated tribute to one of the builders of India” This award was received by Dr. Mrs. Savita Ambedkar widow of Dr. Ambedkar. 

In the end I may quote from the saying of Baba Saheb Ambedkar’s views on Economic Progress and a word of guidance /  warning to his community & countrymen:-

                "The good things of this earth do not fall from heaven. Every progress has it bill of costs and only those who pay for it will have that progress"

Mahapadma Nanda - The first Shudra king of Magadha

Mahapadma Nanda a barber by caste established The Nanda Dynasty or Nanda Empire in the territory of Magadha.Nanda Empire was one of the famous Ancient Indian Dynasties. It ruled in India at the time of 4^th and 5^th century BC. During the peak of its glory, the Nanda Dynasty had its stretch from Punjab to the west to Bengal to the east, and in the distant south upto the Vindhya Mountain Range.

He conquered the dynasties of Panchalas, Aikshvakus, Haihayas, Kasis, Asmaka, Kalinga, Maithilas, Kuru, and Sursenas and added these provinces to Magadha. Mahapadma Nanda is also refered as Smarat (King with wide territory and acceptance) Ugrasena( Terribly strong) or Mahapadmapati ( Most magnanimous Conqueror).

Mahapadma Nanda Was the first king of the Nanda dynasty. He was  also the first Shudra king of Magadha belonging to barber  sub caste of Hindu Religion classification.   Nanda Dynasty was established after Pradyota dynasty. Since Sisunga earlier a minister to the last Pradyota dynasty king and people made him the king.  Sisunga  belonged to the line of Bimbisara, so this dynesty is also called as Sisunga Dynasty. Mahapadma Nanda  has been described as "the destroyer of all the Kshatriyas". He  was the son of Mahanandin, a Kshatriya father from the Sisunaga dynasty and a Shudra mother.  Other Sons of Mahanandin from his Khatriya wives opposed the rise of Mahapadma Nanda, on which he eliminated all of them to claim the throne. The Indologist  F. E. Pargiter dated Nanda's coronation to 382 BCE, and R. K. Mookerji dated it to  be 364 BCE.Mahapadma Nanda established the first greatest North Indian empire having its power centre in Maghada. He vanquished the old dynasties of North by, dethroning all kings.The Nanda Empire at its greatest extent under Dhana Nanda circa 323 BC.Mahapadma Nanda is recognized as  most powerful  (Chhakervarti samarat ) king of the entire land. The collapse of the old Kshatriya dynasties under the rigorous power politics of Mahapadma Nanda, who is explicitly denigrated as the son of a Shudra, and he extended   support to followers of non-Vedic philosophies. But the Vedis philosophers described the rise of Mahapadma Nanda as a mark of Kali Yuga because of their religious hate and narrow mindlessness. He was the ruler of the Nanda dynasty for all but 12 years of the dynasty's  100 years Rule. He is reported to have enjoyed his life span of 88 years.

Mahapadma Nanda, defeated the Panchalas . Panchalas was an ancient region of northern India, which corresponds to the geographical area around the Ganges River and Yamuna River, the upper Gangetic plain in particular. This would encompass the modern-day states of Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh , Kasis, Haihayas(Malwa region includes districts of western Madhya Pradesh and parts of south-eastern Rajasthan), Kalingas (central-eastern India, which comprised most of the modern state of Odisha, as well as the Andhra region of the bordering state of Andhra Pradesh), Asmakas, Kurus, Maithilas, Surasenas and the Vitihotras; to name a few^]. Due to his ruling qualities and military power he expanded his territory south of the Deccan plains too.                                                                                                                                                                         The Nandas are also described as the first empire builders in the recorded history of India. The Nanda Kings made the collection of taxes methodical, by regularly appointed officials. They had a strong administrative system. Their treasury was continuously supplemented to match the government expenditure. Nandas had large stock of wealth’s. The Nanda kings also built canals and in land water ways to establish an effective  irrigation system by digging new canals. On this, basis of a typically crop cultivation-oriented agriculture developed. Agriculture infrastructure was developed in a big way. The possibility of an imperial structure based on an essentially agrarian economy began to take firm roots in the Indian mind set.  This encouraged economy to develop on sound footing. This made their subjects prosperous in all fields of life.  They are reported to have developed standered weighing and measuring mechanism. The people enjoyed prosperous life conditions with out any danger from the out side invaders. Even the Great conqueror Alexander the Great (356 –323 BCE), did not dare to cross over present day Beas river to intrude into Nanda kingdom territory when he heard of  the military might stories from the natives.  The King Porus had also put up a brave fight against the Alexander army. But when intruding army heard of even mightier Nanda King’s army  , they refused to go across Beas river. So the bravest barber Chakervarti   Smart  forced the marching Alexander  army  stop from further  march so his loot and massacre of Indian masses was put to stop. Alexander’s dreams of conquering whole of India were dashed to ground by the Nanda smarat Dhana Nanda. 

The Nanda King inherited the large kingdom of Magadha and wished to extend it to yet more distant frontiers. To this purpose they built up a vast army, consisting of 200,000 infantry, 20,000 cavalry, 2,000 war chariots and 3,000 war elephants (at the lowest estimates).^[3] According to Plutarch, the Greek biographer the size of the Nanda army was even larger, numbering 200,000 infantry, 80,000 cavalry, 8,000 war chariots, and 6,000 war elephants (294,000 troops ).  Since the  military might of Nandas had spread far and wide so no king including the  intruder Alexander could dare to  invade Nanda territory. There for the Nandas never had the opportunity to see their army up against  even Alexander.  Nandas proved that preparedness for war is preparedness for peace and hormony. Alexander invaded India at the time of Dhana Nanda, and confined his campaign up to the plains of Punjab. Alexander’s forces were, frightened by the prospect of facing a militarily powerful enemy and so mutinied at the Hyphasis River (the modern day Beas River) refusing to march any further. This was the might of the untouchable kings. But alas their religious peers reduced them to be non fighting persons, so the country was enslaved for centuries. 

The people enjoyed freedom of following the religion of their faith with out any fear. The people followed Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism. But the rulers of the Nanda Empire embraced Jainism. Once the Nanda rulers took over the kingdom of Kalinga, they made Pataliputra (Patna Bihar), their capital. Revered Jivasiddhi, the Digambar saint, was adopted as master by Dhana Nanda the last Nanda Samrat. Pataliputra was then known all over the world for being the place of enlightenment of Lord Mahavira and learning . Lord Mahavira propagated Jainism whose message was asceticism, austerity and non-violence. The Nanda dynasty rulers were also known for their appreciation of writing and art. They offered support to a number of academics and researchers. Panini, the eminent linguist, was born during this era.  The Nanda dynasty kings were great builders too. The majority of the stupas of Rajgir and at other major Hindu religious holy places were constructed during last Nanda ruler. 

The following Nanda dynasty rulers came during a short period of 12 years after great Mahapadma Nanda Smarat ,the destroyer of Kshatriyas. They were Panghupati, Pandhuka, Bhutapala, Govishanaka, Rashtrapala, Kaivarta, Dashasidkhaka, Mahendra, and Dhana Nanda (also known as Argames) (? – c. 321 BC).

The Nanda dynasty was over run by the Chandergupta the founder of Maurya Dynasty. The Maurya Dynasty ruler ruled over India between 322 BCA to 185 BCE with Chandergupta as the founder to little after Ashoka the Great. It was Ashoka the Great, who himself converted into Buddhism, and it is in his reign that Buddhism spread to other parts of Asia. During the Mauryas, the Hinduism took the shape that fundamentally taught the religious principles which are followed even to the present day.                                                            

Mahapadma Nanda Smarat was the founder of a huge  Nanda Dynasty empire and was the first non-Kshatriya ruler of northern India during that  time. Following his extensive regime and demise, the kingdom was assumed by Pandhuka. Subsequently, a succession of rulers arrived and ruled over Magadha. Mahapadma Nanda Smarat shall be long remembered as a great just ruler during whose rule his subjects enjoyed the life benefits with out fear or favour. No foreign invader could dare to cross over to the Magadha territory with an evil eye.

References:-1. Ancient India, Text Book (Class XI )NCERT 2002

                      2. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Minorities in India

The establishment in 1992  of the National Commission for Minorities  and its continued existence till then is a fact contrary to the proclamations by  the worth writer. This commission was established under UN Declaration of 18th December 1992. Article 29 of the Indian Constitution gives directions and protection to such acts of the Union Government. Besides the NCM the National Commission for Scheduled Castes, Backward Classes and National Commission for Education Institutions are the facts which no body can negate and prove that the problems of the Minorities warrant express solutions for National Unity.

 The circumstances and exigencies for continuing such commissions still exist in our country. To say that all is well with the minorities is a propaganda campaign by a few of  those who have enjoyed the full cake  of progress at government expenses for centuries and now to  share it  with others is becoming heavy for them . A small number of high dignitaries from the minorities as counted by the writer should be eye opener as from a population of over 85% of the Indian minorities their presence can still be counted on fingers.

Dr Ambedkar’s Democratic Constitutuition of India is based on ideals of Democracy, socialism,  and equality striving for establishment of fraternity. Democracy as defined by the Father of Indian Statue is a way of associated living. Where as Manusmriti laws are discriminatory based on caste, creed, sex, colour and family status? Manu devised the formula claiming it having Divine sanction. He made the provision of 100% reservation of education, education related services, warrior services, agriculture, trade and administrative services for Brahmins, Khatriyas and Vaishyas. He also reserved 100% service jobs to Untouchables with blocking education, marshal services and trade or owning any property for them. But all religious ceremonies were made compulsory for them too. They were slaves living on the mercy of other three castes but doing all service class jobs. This arrangement kept India  slave for centuries .The invaders used the services of the three upper caste people to suppress the minorities.

The share of minorities can be judged from the facts and statistic. Out of 14Prime Ministers since 1947only 2 from minorities.  From 14 Presidents of India minorities had only 5, and  from 12 Vice President with personalities only 4 from minorities and only  4 Home ministers   from minorities out of 20.

The data given by Prof.(Dr) Ramnath former Vice Chancellor of Chander Sheikher Azad Agriculture and Technical University Lucknow( U.P) in his  Hindi book( Youita, Meri Jutti 2009) Gotam Book Centre Delhi is not only interesting but eye opening too.

 Break up of  Upper Castes15% Population( Brahmins3.5%; Khatriyas 55.5% and Vaishaya 6%).Their share in services( Politics41%plus 15% plus 10%= Total 66%) services(64%plus10%plus 10%= Total84%) ;Trade (10% plus20%plus60%= Total 90%) Land ownership (5%plus80%plus9%=Total 94%) Priesthoods ( 100% plus zero plus zero respectively.)

Also a fortnightly News Paper The Himayati Delhi (4-2-2013) has given the following data about Brahmin % in services in (1990) Union Ministers(60%) ;Secretaries, Add. Secretaries and Joint secretaries (62%); Chief Secretaries (54%);SC Judges(51%); High Court Judges in 1985(50.3%);Governors(50%) Secy. to Governors (54%) Higher Officers in Union Govt(56%)  but in states(52%);IAS (60%) with MP’s Rajay Sabha(36%)

In the union budget2013-14 total planned exp.(  allotted) Rs5,55,322 Crores with share  of S/C and S/T 22.5% of Rs107896.3 but allotment made is onlyRs66159 having discrepancy or shortfall as Rs58788.45 Crores. Where as Shri P.G. Bannerji in his book “  A Hand Book of the Fighting Races of India” and Sir Gorge Makmen Col Commandant of Royal Artillery in his book”  Marshal Races of India” have written that Brahmins and Vaishes are non fighting races so they are unfit for Army and Police forces. But now the conditions are contrary to it. For all failures in India Minorities are counted as first culprits which is far from truth.

The minorities have contributed to the welfare of India more than any body else. The Sino-Indian War of 1962 with total humiliation and defeat of India was managed fully by Upper castes managers. But Bangladesh War 1971 was won when PM Mrs. Indra Gandhi ( Brahmin lady married to a  Parse), Babu Jagjivan Ram Defense Minister a Chamar and Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw all from Minorities. Ramayana, Mahabharata and the Constitution of India are written by Dalits.

Let the race for merit be on the level ground between persons equipped with similar social, economic and educational standards. Bravo to those Dalits who are qualifying competitive examinations while studying in  Govt. schools with out roofs, adequate staff strength, water & toilet facilities, where  others in the race  are with Doon, Dalhousi, Massouri, Jaipur etc.situated English Medium schools with ultra  modern facilities.

Swami Vivekananda   while writing to one of his friends wrote, “  Human society is in turn governed by four castes—the priests, the soldiers, the traders, and labourers, each state has its  glories as well as defects”

“When priest (the Brahmins) rules, there is a tremendous exclusiveness on hereditary grounds—none but they have the right to impart knowledge. Its glory is that at this period is laid the foundation of the science”

The military (Kshtriya) rule is tyrannical and cruel, but they are not exclusive and during that period art and social culture attains height” The commercial (Vaishya) rule comes next. It is awful in its silent crushing and bloodsucking power. Its advantage is, as the trader himself goes everywhere, he is good Disseminator of ideas collected during the two previous states. They are still less exclusive than the military, but culture begins to decay.” “Last will come labourer (Shudra) rule. Its advantages will be distribution of physical comforts, its disadvantages (perhaps) lowering of culture. There will be great distribution of education ...”

“The first three have had their day. Now is the time for the last—they must have it. I am a socialist not because it is a perfect system, but half a loaf is better than no bread. The other systems have been tried and found wanting. Let this one be tried. A distribution of pain and pleasure is better, than always the same persons having pains and pleasure”

For the National Unity let every body contribute to his/ her ability & get as per his/ her needs. Let us not produce Doctors, Engineers, scientists, Educationists, who are not prepared to respect the Rule of the country, serve the poor and rural India. Let every doctor or engineer fill up a bond to serve his country in the rural area for at least 10 years before going abroad to  serve or settle their . This theft of going abroad soon after getting qualifications is casting dear to India. Who these majority Qualified persons are which are draining our national resources by going abroad in search of greener postures. Definitely majority is from upper castes.

Ignoring advice of Lord Krishna by Koravs to accede the due share of Pandavas resulted in Mahabharata. I fear ignoring the advice of Indian Parliament (Enactment of 93^rd Constitution Amendment Of India) on Rights of Minorities may not result in triggering troubles for the country.. The welfare measures for 85% Indians are going to strengthen India not to weaken it. Even Manu the Hindu Law giver says “ What ever law is agreed upon by an assembly of ten people or more, or even three people or more----------the law should not be disputed 12 ( 110 )”.

Let us avoid the old saying “No matter how big the lie: repeat it often enough and the masses will regard it as a truth”. Let us change our old habits and share happiness and sorrows together as Indians and not as majority and minority. In India Minorities and majority are equal share holders, need to be provided equal opportunities. Disparities in Education, employments, trade and commerce, social and religious fields is dangerous, let us strive to remove them  unitedly before they cause us harm.

SAVITRI BAI PHULE - Mother of Women Education In India

                                

                                 MADAM   SAVITRI BAI PHULE               

                             Mother of Women Education In India

                           (Saluting her On the Eve of International Women Day 2013)

 

The first women known in the Indian history which lived and died for the social upliftment of down trodden. Her name was Savitribai  who was born on 3^rd of January 1831 in Naya Ganj , Tehsil Khandala ,District Satara of Maharashtra. Her father’s name was Khado Ji Nevse Patil . At the time of her birth, no body could realize that the small ray of light which had descended on the earth in the form of Savitribai shall become a torch bearer for many, who were suppressed, illiterate, ill fed , ill clothed and a lightening for suppressors and oppressors inflicting tyranny in the name of caste and sex, on millions

         At the tender age of 9 years in 1840, she was married to a great social revolutionary Jyotirao Phule, who was then 13 years old. The union of two small lights later emerged as a big Light House for millions of their fellow countrymen and pulled them out of their ignorance, illiteracy and ill treatment meted out to them by upper caste Hindus. They jointly fought for   the down trodden people of India to live with dignity keeping spine erect. Jyotirao Phule, later affectionately  called  Mahatma Jyotirao Phule proclaimed that illiteracy the ill of all ills causes lack of intellect which in turn causes lack of moral which results in stagnation, promoting   further  loss of riches  and fortune which caused fall of Shudras. So ban of education to Shudras in Brahminical literature caused their all round degradation, so he gave preference to impart education to Shudras for their over all upliftment.

            The Education to Savitribhai was imparted at home by her husband, who had passed his Secondary Education Examination in 1847 from Scottish Mission High School Poona and  had decided not to accept any job under the government.  On reading Paine’s famous book “The Rights of Man” revolutionized the young mind of Jyotirao Phule and he in turn influenced the tender mind of Savitribhai, who also took oath to help her husband for Social Revolution even at the cost of her life and comforts.

            They jointly opened the very first Girl’s School in 1848 against the vicious campaign launched by orthodox upper caste Hindus for such an act of the Phule couple, as education to girls was coded as unlawful in the laws of orthodox Hindus, although they claimed to possess the most knowledgeable books called “VEDAS” but practically treating Shudras & women worse than animals. No upper caste Hindu teacher came forward to teach in this newly opened Girl’s School in which untouchables girls , besides Hindu Girl’s were admitted. Therefore, Savitribai was appointed as Headmistress of this school on I ^st January 1848 by Jyotirao Phule. This school was run from the house of a Brahmin in Budhwara Peth, with majority of Brahmin girl students. The orthodox Brahmins raised a great hue & cry against carrying on women education including those of Shudra girls, which stood banned by the Hindu scripture. As soon as Savitribai came out from her house to go to school, people would throw on her cow dung and mud spoiling here dress, which she washed at the school and at her residence. But ill treatment meted out to her by upper caste Hindus did not deter her from her strong convictions and she carried on with the noble cause for the social change. She, instead , opened another school on 15^th May 1848 in untouchable’s colony and it was run by her widowed sister –in-law (husband  ‘s sister) Smt. Suganabai. On this again the reactionaries, raised objections and threatened Govinda Rao (Jyotirao ’s father) with dire consequences, if, he failed to dissociate himself from the activities of his son & daughter-in-law.So he asked the couple to leave his home as both of them refused to give up their missionary  endeavor. Both shifted to a Muslim Mian  Usman Sheikh’s house. Smt. Fatima Sister of Mian Sheikh known as first Muslim women teacher of 18^th century, started educating Dalit children in this school opened by a Dalit couple. This was an extremely difficult task during those days of Brahmin domination in government and social circles, but Savitribai did it by dint of her courage, determination, intelligence and her commitment to the cause of Dalit upliftment through spread of Education the only road to their empowerment.

             Mahatma Jyotirao Phule blamed the British Government for spending profusely a large portion of the state revenue on the education of the higher castes, which resulted in monopoly of all higher offices under the Government by the Brahmins. The dedicated couple wanted to break this monopoly so as to prepare the down trodden masses for struggle of having equal rights as human beings in their own motherland. Jyotirao Phule for the first time , made strong demand in memorandum submitted to Hunter Commission in 1882  for free & compulsory education to all. This plea was accepted on the instance of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and incorporated in the Constitution of Free India in 1950.  

            Widow re-marriage was banned then and the child marriages were very common among the Hindus including Brahmins. Many Hindu widows resorted to Sati (burning of the bride with the dead body of their husbands) in full public view.  Many women got windowed in their young age and not all of them could live in a manner in which orthodox people expected them to live. Some of the helpless widows resorted to abortion or left their illegitimate children to their fate by leaving them on the streets. Out of pity for them Jyotirao Phule established on orphanage, possibly first such Institution founded and funded by a Hindu. The Phule couple gave protection to pregnant widows and assured them that this orphanage would take care of their children and Savitribai Phule Shouldered the responsibility of managing the orphanage. It was in  this orphanage where a Brahmin widow named Kashi Bai gave birth to a boy in 1873 and the Phule couple adopted new born as their son and heir giving him name as

 Yashuwant, who was given education to become a qualified doctor. During 1876-77 famine she feed and cared about 200 children with the help of her doctor son free of cost. She was a great source of strength to her husband.

            Savitribai was not only an educationist but a great philanthropist, social revolutionary, writer and poet. Perhaps she was the first Indian woman revolutionary who worked against all odds for the emancipation of week and downtrodden women & children. Her poetry book first published in 1854 was titled as “KABYE PHULE” In one of her poems she makes out that the British succeeded in establising their rule in India due to denial of Educational opportunities by the Aryans to the original inhabitants of India. During various invasions the 85% of the population were made mute spectators when their  motherland was occupied forcibly by   the foreign invaders, for which nobody else but Brahmins and caste system  were responsible. When she was told by her brother to follow the path shown by Bhats (Brahmins) she rebuked him by telling that she was following the just path being followed by her husband and she could not be blind follower of Brahmins like her brother. She also tauntingly said to him, “Go and love the cow and the goat and offer milk to snakes on Nagpanchmi,, even then the Brahmins shall turn you out of Puja Sathal branding you as untouchables. This shows her strong conviction and  will power, when actually she was very poised lady having her heart filled with love for all.

            After the death of her husband in November 1890, she successfully managed for seven years the affairs of “SATYA SHODAK-SAMAJ” established by her husband to look after the needs of unfortunate children.

            During the spread of Cholera in Maharashtra in 1897 she opened a number of helping centers for all sufferers in rural and urban areas. She used to carry patients personally to the clinic of her son Yashuwant, who cured hundreds of them free of cost.

             While carrying personally a cholera ridden Mahar boy to the clinic of her son and to get him admitted there, she got infected from the Mahar boy and she died of cholera on the 10^th of March 1897.

            We salute the iron lady who struck hard  to break the shackles of religious progeny, caste and dynasty to establish social order of Universal Brotherhood. She was first Indian women leader, who worked for the upliftment & dignity of women & children and was a staunch opponent of orthodox laws including Untouchability. She was mother to helpless orphans, a teacher to illiterates and solace to ill and suffering masses. She deserved to be honored as “Mother of Women Education in India”

            She is even now a source of inspiration for establishing a rule based on equality, justice and fraternity. Let us draw inspiration from her life& works and re-dedicate ourselves for the service of down trodden and Dalits besides those sections of society who are deprived of equal opportunities of life.

                                                                                                         

 Can be contacted on hrphonsa@gmail.com or Zenithrs@yahoomail.com

        References:-

        

1. The Nagmay Sanskriti Ujjain (MP) Dated 8-7-1997.
2. Slavery By Mahatma Jotirao Phule (Vol I) Translated by Prof.P.G. Patil                     Education Deptt.Govt of Maharastra Bombay 1991
3. Jotibha Phule (Hindi) By Durga Prasad Shukal NCERT April 1991
4. Dr Ambedkar & His Mission By Danajay Keer
5. Shoshit Samaj Ke Krantikari Pravertak ( Hindi) by C.S. Bhandari Publishars