c½ MkŒ ch- vkj- vEcsMdj ¼ts ,UM ds LVsV½ vokMZ
1994
Lkn~xq:
dchj lkfgc th dh /kfeZd dqfjfr;ksa dks QVdkj
xq:nso dchj lfgc th ,d vfr
Øakfrdkjh lar gq,s gSaA vkith dh ck.kh :gkfu;r dh [kku gSA vki th dk tUe xjhc
?kjkus esa gksus ds dkj.k vkith us xjhch dh ekj dks djhc ls ns[kk] le>k FkkA
vki th ds tEe ds le; u flQZ fgUnw /keZ vfirq eqLfye /keZ Hkh dbZ /kkfeZd dqfjkr;ksa
esa Qal pqdk FkkA ijksfgrksa] ikaM+ksa ekSyfo;ksa us lh/ks lkns yksxkas dks dbZ
rjg ds deZdkUMksa esa Qalk j[kk FkkA ewfrZ;ksa dh iwtk] ekSyfo;ksa rFkk
czkã.kksa dks nku&iqU; nsuk] efUnjksa] eLftnksa esa iwtk] vpZ.kk] ufn;k]sa
ljksojksa esa LUkku djuk] Ik”kq cfy nsuk] orZ j[kuk] tatw /kkju djuk lrh gksuk
lqURk djkuk] flj eqUMkuk ;k PkksVh j[kuk vkfn dks eqfä ds lk/kku crk dj]
vui<+] xjhc] lh/ksa yksxksa dks dbZ izdkj ds ofgeksa] tknw Vwuksa vkfn esa
Qalk j[kk FkkA xq:nso dchj th us vkius ledkyhu xq:vksa] lUrksa vkfn ls fey dj
fitjs cUn /keZ ds fo:/k tksjnkj vkokt+ mBkbZ FkhA Å¡p uhp dh dqfjfr;ksa dk tksj
nkj fojks/k fd;k A mUgkasus vkiuh ok.kh }kjk ;g fl) fd;k fd izHkq us dksbZ Å¡p
;k uhp ugha cuk;kA lc /keZ cjkoj gS A lc etgc ekuo d`r gSA izHkq us rks lc
bUlku ,d tSls gh iSnk fd, gSA Pkekj tkfr esa vofjr xq: jfonkl th ¼1414&1532
bZ½ th dchj lkfgc ¼1398&1518½ ls yxHkx lksyg o’kZ NksVs Fks vkSj nksuksa
iw.kZ LkUrksa us ukenso Nhck¼1270&1350 bZŒ ½ th egkjkt ds pyk, lurer dks
viuk;k vkSj bl dk izpkj izlkj fd;k A bu lUrks us /kkfeZd fitjksa dks rksM+us dk
iw.kZ iz;kl fd;k rFkk fujk/kkj /kkfeZd izkFkfedrkvksa dks yydkjkA blh le; esa
xq: ukud nso¼1469&1539½ th Hkh vofjr gq, vkSj budk mins”k Hkh Økfrdjh fl)
gqvk bu lUrksa us vkilh dbZ xks’fB;ka dj lh/ks lkns yksxksa dks fuxZq.k HkfDr
dk jkLrk fn[kk;k] ftl esa deZ dkUM dks dksbZ egRo izkIr ugha gSA bu egkiq:’kksa
us /kkfeZd fØ;kvksa dks QksdV /keZ dg dj ukdkjkA bu lUrksa us fuxZq.k izHkq dks gkSan ls Åij crk;k tks le; lhek ls eqDr gSA
fuxZq.k izHkq izkIrh xq: ds vfrfjDr nwljh fdlh okfgjh fØ;k tSls Kku ;ksX;] gB ;ksx]
deZ ;ksx] deZ dkU<] /keZ] xzaFk i<+us i<+kus] ;K gou djus ] bUnzh
lk/kuk] fjrh fjoktksa] okfgj eq[kh fØ;kvksa vkfn ls ugha izkIr dh tk ldrh fuxqZ.k izHkq HkkfDr esa iw.kZ xq: ls ;qfdRk
izkIr dj xq: }kjk crkbZ xbZ fof/k ls uke fleju dj ds gh izHkq dh HkfDr dh tk
ldrh gS QksdV /keZ fdk;Zvksa ls ughaA xq: uked th us ¼ek: egyk½ esa dgk
ik[kaM /kjeq izhfr ugha gj flÅ A xq: “kCn egk
jl ik;k A
xq: uke nso th us vklk ok.kh Jh ukenso th esa
dgk
lcq xksfoUn gS] lcq
xksfcUn gS ] xksfcUn fou ugha dksbZ ] lqrq ,d ef.k lr lgal tSls vksfr iksfr
izHkq lksbZ ¼jgÅ 39½ xq: jfonkl th us ijksfgVksa] iknfj;ksa] ekSyfo;ksa ds tkfr
vfHkeku ds udkjrs gq, dgk FkkA
jfonkl fivk fcu txr eag lwuh lst u dksbZA
ftr ns[kw frr fivkdj izxV ekstjk gksbZ]
dchj lkfgc th us [kqy dj izHkq HkfDr esa
okfgj eq[kh deZ dkUMksa dh fojks/krk dh A vki Tkh ¼dchj xzaFkofy i` 152 eSa½
QekZrs gSaA
,d fujatu lgy esjkA fgUnw rdZ nqagw ugha
usjkAA
jk[kw orZ u ekg jetkukA frlgh fle: tks jgs
funkukAA
iwtk d: u uekt xqtk:A ,d fujkdkj ân;
ueLdk:Aaa
u gt tkÅ u rhFkZ iwtkA,d iNkfu;k rkS dk nwtkAA
dgs dchj Hkje le Hkkxk A ,d fujatu lwa Eku
ykxkAA
dchj lkfgc us tkr ikr dks udkjrs gq, dgk % ¼vkfn
xzaFk i` 1349½
vofy vYyk uwj mikb;k] dqnjr ds lHk OkUnsA
,d Ukwj ls lcq txq miftvks dmu Hkys dkSu
eUnsA
fQj Qjek;k]
yksxk Hkjfe u HkwykbZ HkkbZ
[kkfyd
[kyd] [kyd esa [kkfYd] iwfj jfgvks lc BkbZ A
dchj lkfgc dh ok.kh dh :gkuh Hkjiw.kZrk dks
ns[k dj ikapoh ikr”kk gh Jh xq: vtqZunso ¼1563&1606½ th us xq: xzaFk lkfgc
dks fy[krs le; 1604 esa dchj lkfgc dh ok.kh dh 228 dfork;s rFkk 243 “kyksdks
dks bl esa “kfey djus dk egku dk;Z fd;kA
dchj
th dk thou lQj %&
le; chrus ds lkFk lkFk
yxHkx lc LkURkksa] xq:vksa] ihjkas] Qdhjksa ds thou ls lEcfU/kr fo’k;ksa ds
ckjs esa dbZ fHkUurk,sa] Hkze] nUrdFkk,sa QSy tkrh gSaA Ckgqr de ,sls
egkiq:’kksa ds thou dky eas gh mu ds fo’k; esa fy[kk x;k gSA bu lR;Hkk’kh
:gkfu;r ls ekykeky vkRekvksa ds ckjs esa rc ijnk mBkrk gS tc mu dk vuq;k;h ;k
fojks/kh dksbZ izfl) euq’; tSls dksbZ jktk othj ;k ?uk<; iq:’k cu tkrk gSA
,sls dbZ dkjukes bu egkiq:’kksa dh thouh ls tqM+ tkrs gS tks mudh fur thou p;kZ
ds va”k gksrs gSaA dHkh dHkh ;g lURk tu vkius ftKkfl;ksa ds fgr esa n;k dj dbZ
vnHkqr fØ;k,sa dj nsrs gSaA tks vke vkneh dh lksp ls okfgj gksrh gSA ,sls l~Hkkfod
dk;Z lUrksa ds thou ds dbZ jgL;ksa ls inkZ mBk nsrs gSA og rks nqfu;k dh vlyh;r
;k fuFkZrk dks gh le>kus ds oklrs ,slk djrs gSaA ,sls vyksfdd dk;Z iw.kZ
LkURk yksxksa ds vkd’k.kZ dsUnz cuus ds fy, ughs djrsA mPp dksfVds Lkar iyVqlkfgo
¼1710&1780 bZŒ½ dgrs gSaA
LkUr u pkgs eqDr dks] ugha inkFkZ pkjA ugha
inkFkZ pkj eqä lUru dh psjhA
fj/kh flf) ij Fkwdsa LoxZ dh vkl u gsjh-----------------------¼iyVq
lkfgc dh dqUMfy;ka½
dchj lkfgc dh thouh esa Hkh ,slk gh dqN gqvk
A vkith ds ekrk firk] tUe LFkyh fookfgr thou] lUrku] Hkze.k LFky ] xq#]
f”k’;ksa] e`R;q vkfn rRFkksa esa erHksn vk x, gSa A ;gka ij LoZekU; rRFkksa dk fooj.k fn;k x;k gSA dchj lkfgc dk tUe 1398 bZŒ
esa cukjl ds ikl ygjrkyk ds djhc gqvkA vkidh
ekrk th dk uke uhek rFkk firk Jh uhjk
th Fkk tks tqykgs dk dk;Z djrs Fks A ekrk firk eqLyeku Fks A dchj lkfgc us vki
viuh tkr ds ckjs esa fy[kk gS A
fgUnw
dagw rks eSa gS ugh] eqLyeku Hkh ukgha A
ikap
rr~o dk iqryk] xSch [ksys ekgha A
dchj
lkfgc dh iRuh dk uke ekbZ] yksbZ iq= dk uke dekyk vkSj iq=h dk dekyh FkkA dchj th tUe ls gh fl) iq#’k Fks
fQj Hkh nqfu;koh izkEizk;ksa ds fuekrs gq, vkSj vkius fojksf/kvksa }kjk fuxqjk
dgs tkus ij Lokeh jkekUkUn th dks vkiuk xq# cuk;k crk;k tkrk gS A Lokeh jkekuUn
th ,d dV~Vj fgUnw czkge.k cknh lUr Fks tks igys ljxq.k izHkq Hkxrh djrs Fks
vkSj fdlh “kqnª dh ij NkbZ ls Hkh nwj jgrs FksA ijUrq ckn esa og Hkh fueqZ.k
izHkq ¼tks le; lhek ls Åij gS½ dh HkfDr djus yxs ftl esa mudh jguqHkkbZ dchj th
djrs Fks A
os”kd
dchj th dks fof/kor <+x ls f”k{kk izkIr djus dk volj u feyk ijUrqq mudh
ok.kh esa dbZ Hkk’kkvksa ds xw< vFkZ okys “kCnksa dk iz;ksx gqvk gS A ,slk
yxrk gS muds cksyus ik= ls gh vko”kd Hkk’kk
#i ys ysrh FkhA lar ihik th
¼1408&1448 bZŒ½ jktk gksrs gq, Hkh pekj xq#
jfonkl th ds f”k’; cus Fks A ihik th dk Hkh ,d in vkfn xzaFk lkfgc th ds
iq’B 695 ij vfdaV gS A vki th Jh lar dchj ds ckjs esa QZekrs gS A
tks
dy ¼dy;qx½ ekaHk dchj u gksrs A
rks
ys osn v: dfy;qx feydj Hkxr jlkrfy ¼udZ½
nsrs AA
“ks[k lknqyk ¼e`R;q 1522½ th us dchj th dks
eqgkfot dgdj lEeku fn;kA eqgfot dk vFkZ og ml gdhdV ;k vLyh;r lPp dks dgrs gS
tks vklkuh ls le>k ugha tk ldrk ftl
dk bYe /khjs&/khjs rFkk eqf”kdy ls gksrk gS A
dchj
lkfgc lnk fuxqZ.k Hkxrh esa jes jgs vkSj vorkj ckn dks fudkjrs jgs blh fy, vki jke
vorkj n”kjFk iq= o d`’.k vorkj nsodh ds iq= dks dksbZ egkurk ugha nsrs vkSj u
gh mu dh iwtk djrs Fks A jke “kCn xq# xzaFk lkfgc esa 2533 ckj vk;k orkvk tkrk
gS A jke “kCn dchj lkfgc ds 228 in tks dh xq# xzaFk lkfgc esa lq”kksfHkr gSa
esa 112 ckj vk;k crkk;k tkrk gS A ¼fyUMk gSl us bu inksa dh fxurh 226 crkbZ gS½
d`’.k okpd “kCn ¼d`’.k 22 ckj] eksgu 60 ckj
rFkk eqjkjh 179 ckj Jh xq# xzaFk lkfgc esa vk;k gSa½A vkSj dchj lkfgc ds 228
inksa esa 33 ckj A dchj iap ok.kh esa jke o d`’.k “kCn 220 ckj rFkk 71 ckj vk, Ckrk,s
tkrsa gaSA bl ds bykok dchj ohpd esa Hkh jke “kCn dk iz;ksx 49 ckj vk;k crk;k
x;k gSA jke d`’.k “kCnksa dk bruh cM+h la[;k esa dchj ok.kh ;k nwljs laUrksa dh
okf.k;ksa es vkus ls lk/kkj.k yksx ;g le>uk “kq: dj cSBs fd ;g lURk Hkh jke
rFkk d`’.k ds iqtkjh FksA ijUrq ,slk ugha gSA bu egkvuqHkoh vkRekvksa dk jke
RkFkk d`’.k “kCnksa dk vFkZ og “kfDr gSa tks le; lhek ls Åij gSA tks tUe ejuk
esa ugha vkrh og “kfDr lalkfjd
ykylkvksa] Hkkoukvksa ls izHkkfor ugha gksrh A blh lU/kZo esa Jh xq: jfonkl th
us dgk FkkA
jfonkl
gekjs jke th n”kjFk djflqr ughaA
jke
gej esa jfe jsks
fclc dqaVcgq] ekafgAA
jke
dgrs lc tx Hkwykuk lks ;g jke uk
gksbZA
deZ
vdje~ d: uk
eSa] dssSslks Hkze Hkwyks js HkkbZA
RkFkk jke lc tx tkusa Hkze Hkwys js HkkbZA
Lo;a xq: ukud th us izekRek dks vkfn txkfn
lqfp dgk gSa tks dky dh gn ls Åij gS tUe.k ez.k ds pØ ugha vkrk] Mj jfgr lkjs
lalkj dk lapky.k djrk gSA
Nhik tkfr ds Lkar Ukkenso th dgrs gS jktk jke
tir dks u rfjm ¼vfn xzaFk 1105½ fQj dgrs gS ikaMs rqejk pUnz lksHkh vkor
nsf[k;k FkkAA
jko.k lasrh ¼ds lkFk½ ljoj ¼yM+kbZ½ gksbZAA
?kj dh tksÅ ¼vkSjr½ xaokbZ FkhAA
dchj lkfgc dgrs gS %
jke¼jke
pUnz½ cM+k fd jkefg ¼izHkq½ tkb;k ¼iSnk fd;k½
vFkkZr
D;k rqe ml ikjczã dks cM+k ekuksxs ftl
us jke pUnz dks Hkh iSnk fd;k] ;k jke pUnz dks tks tUe e.kZ ds pØ esa FksA
ijeLkar lnxq: dchj th us *dchj xzaFkoyh jekbZuh “kyksd 9* esa dgk gS ml izHkq
ls tqM+ks ftl dh Hkxrh vkids lc lq[k nq%[k lEkkIr dj ds vkidks lnSo vukFk gksus
ls cpkrk gSA ml ls ugha] ftl us n”kjFk ds ?kj tUe fy;k] u gh ftlus yadk ifr
jko.k dk lagkj fd;k ¼Jh jke vorkj dh vkSj ladsr ½ A og izHkq nsodh dks dks[k ls
dHkh u tEek vkSj u dHkh ;”kksnk dh xksn esa [ksyk ¼Jh d`’.k vorkj dh vkSj ladsr½ vki th dgk *dchj
ds Lokeh ,sls Bkdqj tkds HkbZ u cki&j * % vFkkZr~ dchj us izekRek tUe ej.k
ls Åij gSa A
dchj dk jke lnk ,d jax esa jgrk gSA iDdk gS
LkPpk gSaA vki th us dgk Fkk * lkp lksbZ tks fLFkj jgkbZ mitss fouls >wB
gksbZ tkbZ*A czkã.kksa }kjk jfpr osnksa] “kkL=ksa ] mifu’knksa] lfe`fr;ksa]
iqjk.kksa esa lh/ks lk/ks yksxksa dks Hkze esa Qalkus ds dbZ fof/k fo/kku cuk,
x, FksA bu esa lc ls cM+k lqoZxksa ds Hkksx vkSj udksZ dk Hk; iSnk djuk Fkk A
lc larksa dh rjg lnxq: dchj th us Hkh iq:’k }kjk jfpr ,slh d`;kvksa dk [k.M.k
fd;k A
loxZ
udZ dk [kaMu
ujd
lqjx ,d HkbZ dgkorAA
dksÅ
ujd lqjx cNkcr*
vFkkZRk~
& LoxZ rFkk udZ lc cgus dh ckrs gSaA dgus dh dgkorsa gSA ;g ykyp rFkk Mjkus
ds fy, ?kM+h xbZ gSa A
rFkk% lqjax okl u ckfN, AA dfj, u ujd fuokl*
vFkkZr~
LoxZ dk ykyp u djks vkSj udZ esas fuokl ls er MjksA
vki
th vkxs dgrs gSa
dchj
lqjx ujd rs eSa jfgÅ
lrxqj
dj ijlfkn AA
vFkkZr
lrxqj ds fn, aKku ls >wB dh fnokj fxjxbZ A lc lkQ lkQ fn[kkbZ nsus yxk vkSj
esSa ¼dchj½ LoxZ udZ ds >wB ilkjsa ls eqDr gks x;k A
tc
yx eu cSdq.B dh vkl A rc rd ukfg pj.k fuokl AA
vFkkZr
LoZx dk ykyp vkSj udZ dk Mj lPps izHkq dh Hkxrh esa
fo/ku
Mkyrk gS A bls R;kxus es gh ykHk gS A
fQj
QZek;k% cSdq.B uxj tgka lUr oklk A vFkkZr iw.kZlUr gh lnSoh lq[k nkrk gSaA
blh
lEca/k esa xq# jfonkl th dgrs gS A
dou
ujd fd;k lqxZ fopkjk lUru nksÅ jkns ¼jnn~
fd,½ ge fdlh dh dku d<rs vkius xq# izlkn AA
ewrhZ
iwtk dh fojks/krk
%& dchj lkfgc us dgk fd ewrhZ iwtk
dk dksbZ ykHk ugha vkith us dgk Fkk %
ikFkj
iwtS gfj feys** eSa iwtÅ¡ igkj ¼igkM+½
ewjfr
ls pdh Hkyh ihl [kk, lalkj
vFkkZr
% fuZthr iRFkj rks oksyrk ugha] lqurk ugh( [kkrk
ugh ihrk ugh fgyrk ugha eyeq= ugh R;kxrk] ns[k ugha ldrk og fdlh dk D;k
laokj ;k fcxkM+ ldrk gS A bl ls iRFkj dh
pP h Hkyh gS
tks nkus ihlus ds dke vkrh gS A
vki th fQj dgrs gSa
tks ikFkj ds dgrs nso
rkdh fojFkk gksos lso ¼lsok½
tks ikFkj dh ikbZ ¼iSj½
ik, ¼iM+s½
fldh ?kky ¼esgur½ vtkbZ
¼Qty½ tk,
vUrj nso euq’;s ¼”kjhj
es jgrk nsork u tkus va/kqA
Hkze dk eksfgvk ikoS Qan
Tkks e`r dks PkUnu
p<+kosA
Ml ls dgBq dou Qy ikosAA
dchj
th us vkxs dgk A
dchj ikgu ¼iRFkj½ dks dk iwft,] ;s tUe u nsbZ
tkoA va/kk uj vklkeq[kh ;ksa gh gks, vkc ¼[kqokaj½ vFkkZr tM+ oLrq dh iwtk
tM+ ¼fuZtho½ lalkj d eksg iSvk djrh gS A
bl rjg ;g euq’; dks vkok xeu ds pØ ¼;fu
84 yk[k pqfu;ksa ½ esa Qalk dj j[krh gS
A
rhFkZ
Luku % czkge.kksa us lh lh/ks& lh/ks yksxksa ds
fy, rhFkZ vl~uku Hkh ,d Hk; cuk j[kk Fkk vkSj bls Hkh eqfd` dk ,d vfuok;Z lk/ku
dg dj yksxks dks ywVrs Fks A bl dk Hkh dchkj lkfgc us tksj nkj [kUMu fd;k A vki
th us dgk Fkk A
dkab;ka ekatfl dÅu xquk A tÅ ?kV
Hkhrfj gS eyuk A
yÅdh vBlfB rhjFkZ ukbZ A
dÅjkiuq rÅ¡ u tkbZ AA
¼vkfn
xzaFk 656½
vFkkZr
“kjhj dks ckj ckj jxM+dj /kksus ls ;k ?kM+s dks ckj ckj vUnj ls /kksus ls D;k
ykHk A tSls yksdh ¼rwch tks ,d lkt cukus es dke vkrh gS½ 68 rhFkZ ugk dj Hkh
dM+fo dh dM+fo gh jgrh gS A
Xkq#
ukud nso th dk dFku gS A
dj
laxfr rw lkn dh vBlfB rhFkZ ukÅ*
vFkkZr
iw.kZ lUr dh lUxr esa tkus esa 68 rhFkks ds vLuku dk Qy feyrk gS xzaFk lkfgc
esa vkrk gS A **vUrj eSy ts rhFkZ ukoS A frl oSdq’B u tkuk** AA
dchj
lkfgc dk dguk Fkk
lk|
laxfr oSdqUBS vkfg ¼vkfn xzFk 1161½
vkneh dk eu dSlh dSlh eu ?kMar ckrsa esa Qalk
dj bl dk lR;kukl djrk gS A dchj th dgrs gSa A
ukou dks rhFkZ ?kus eu cÅjk js
iwtu dks ogq nso AA
dgq dchj NwVr ugh eu cÅjk js
NwVr gj dh lso A ¼vkfn xzaFk 336½
vFkkZr
ikxyeu rhFkksa ds
pØ dkVrk gS A iRFkjksa dh-------------
iwtk djrk gS ml ls
mldk NqVdkjk
ugh gksxk ] ;fn
bUlku deZ tky ls
NwV ldrk gS rks
flQZ ,d izHkq
HkfDr ls NwV ldrk
gS A
dchj lkfgo rhFkZ
vLuku dk [k.Mu djrs gq, dgrs gS A
Tky ds etfu ts xr gksos A fur fur eSaMd ukofg A
tSls eSaMd rSls mbZ uj A fQj fQj twfu vkos
A
¼vkfn xzFk 484½
vFkkZr % rhFkZ vLuku
dk D;k ykHk A eSaMd lnk rhFkZ ikuh esa gh jgrk gS
mldh eqfd ;fn ugha gksrh rks bUlku dh dSls gksxh A
fi=
iwtk dk [k.Mu%
czkgk.kksa dh dekbZ dk ,d cM+k lk/ku yksxksa ls fi= iwtk djkuk gS A fdlh bUlku
ds ejus ij] laLdkj ds le; nku] lky Hkj jkst nku nsuk] fQj pkj lkyh vkSj ckn esa
gj lky Jk) gS A bl dk dchj lkfgc us tksjnkj
[k.Mu fd;k Fkk A yksx thrs th rks vkius ctqxksZa dh lsok ugh djrs muds
ejus ij fi= iwtk ds uke ij nku nsrs gS A ;g nku dk v™k mu ls lkeus gh dkaos]
dqÙks [kkrs gS a vkSj iSlas] jLr ] oL= ] orZu vkfn Hkwnso czkge.kksa ds gkFk
p<+ tkrs gS vkSj og lc oLrqvksa dks osp dj iSls vkiuh ysu esa j[k ysrs gSa A
bl dk D;k ykHk
dchj th dgrs gS A
thor fi= u ekuSa
dksÅ eq,sa fljk?k djkgh AA
fi= Hkh ciqj dgq
D;k ikofg dÅvk dwdj [kkgh AA ¼vkfn xzaFk 332½ lkfgc
vki th fQj dgrs gS :&
ekVh
ds dfj nsoh nsok] ftl vkxs thvks nsgh**
,sls
fi= rqekjs dgh vkfg] vkiu dfg;k us ysgh
Lkj
thvks dkS dkVS fujthvks iwtfg A
var dky
dÅ Hkkjh A
jke uke
dh xfr ugh tkuh A
Hk;
Mwcs lalkjh AA
vFkZr% ekVh ds nsoh nsors cuk fy, tks tho
jfgr gksrs gS A mu ds vkxs thor thoksa dh cfy nsrs gaS A ejs gqvks dks thor thoksa dh
oyh ns dj [kq”k djrs gSa A dSls gS ;g fi= tks vius tUes oPpksa ls lh?kws ugha
ekaxrs chp esa iaMrksa dks ys vkrs gS A
,sls djus ls vUr esa Hkjh iM+sxk A dchj th dgrs gS fd ml izHkq #ih jke
ds uke tius ds vykok dksbZ nwLjk jkLrk
ugha gS A
ekax
dj [kkuk %& nku ysuk czkgk.kksa dh thfodk ,d
izeq[k lk/ku jgk gS A blfy, czkge.k d`r /kkfeZd xzaFkksa esa nku dk cgqr xq.k
xk;u fd;k x;k gS A nku nsus dks eqfd izkfIr dk ,d lk/ku dgk x;k Fkk A euqLkfefrZ
esa nku ysuk czkge.kksa ds fy, fo/kkfur gS ¼1%88½ nku nsus vkSj ysus okys
nksuksa LoxZ dks izkIr djrs gS ¼4%235½ bl rjg lh/ks lk/ks yksxksa dks ywVuk lfn;ksa
ls pyk vk jgk Fkk A dchj lkfgc] xq# ukud th ] xq: jfonkl th ukenso th vkfn us
nku ysus ;k nsus dk iw.kZ fojks/k fd;k gS A
ftcgk
HktS gfj uke fur] gRFk djfg fur dke A
jfonkl
Hk, fugfpar ge] ee~ fpUrk djsaxs jkeAA ¼jfonkl th½
dchj
lfgc th us dgk %&
ej
tkÅa ekaxw ugha] vkius ru ds dkt
izekFkZ
ds dkj.ks eq>s u vksos ykt ¼lk[kh laxzfg i`’B 123½
dchj th us lk/kqvksa rFkk xq#vks dks nku dh
ykur ls nwj jgus dks dgk %
f”k”k
dks ,slk pkfg,] xqj dks ljcl ns A
xq#
dks ,slk pkfg, f”k”k dk dNq us ys AA lk[kh lUxzfg i`’B ¼17½
dchj
th us lk/kq dks nku ls nwj jgus dk lq>ko fn;k vkSj dgk
lk/kq
Hkw[kk Hkko dk /ku dk Hkw[k ukfg
/ku
dk Hkw[kk tks fQjs] A Lks Vks lk/kq ukfg AA
¼dchj lk[kh
laxzfg i`’B 123½
xq:
ukud th us Hkh nku ysus dh eukgh dh
xq:
ihj dgk,] eaxu tk,] rkfd ewy u ykxw ik,
?kky
[kk, dqN gRFkkSa ns ukud gqDe iNkus ls AA
blfy, bu egku lUrksa us vkius xqtkjs ds fy, gd
gyky dh daekbZ ij tksj fn;k A xq: jfonkl th twrs xkaBrs] dchj th diM+k cqursA
xq: ukud th us gy pyk;k] O;kikj fd;k vkSj dHkh fdlh ds vkxs gkFk ugha QSyk, A
fl[k yfgj es yxHkx 95 Qhlnh nfyr larksa]
egkRekvksa] rFkk turk us lnk vkius gkFk dh dekbZ ij xqtkjk fd;kA ,d egkRek us
rks dgk Fk fd ,d le; dk [kkuk fdlh ds ?kj [kkus ls ?kj ds efyd dks 2½
?kaVs dh HkfDr nsuh iM+rh gS A bRkuh eagxh O;oLrk ls dkSu izgst ugha djsxkA ge
us dHkh fdlh pekj dk Hkkxrs gq, ugha ns[kkA
Tkkr
ikr dks udkjuk & lc LkaRkksa us tkfr ikrh
ds Hksn dks uk
ekurs gq,s izHkq HkfDr esa bl dh fuvFkZrk dks mtkxj fd;k gSA iyVq lkfgc us dgk
Fkk
IkyVq Åfp tkr dk tfu dksbZ djS vgadkjA
Lkkfgc ds njckj esa dsoy HkfDr
I;kjAA
Xkq: xksfoUnk flag th ¼1666&1708½ us tkfr
ikr ds udkjrs gq,] lc euq’;ksa dh ,d gh tkr dgk gS A vki th dk dFku gS *ekul dh
tkr lEkS ,sdS ifgpku;ksA lUr pjunkl dh ¼1703&1782½ th us Hkh dgk Fkk
Tkkr [kqnk dh tfu;ks rklc ¼vKkurk ½ dh tks
nwjA ¼yhyk lkxj½
xq: jfonkl th us Hkh tksj nkj “kCnksa esa
tkrikr dk [k.Mu fd;k gSA vkith dk dFku gS A
jfonkl mitvks lHk bd uwj rsa]
czkã.k eqYyk ls[kA
lHk dks djrk ,d gS] lHkdwa ,d gh
is[kAA
xq: jfonkl th us tkr ikr dks udkjrs gq,
xq.kksa ds vk/kkj dks ekurk nh A vki th us Åaph tkr j[kus okyksa xq.kghu
czkã.kksa dhs iwtk dks udkjk vkSj ;g Økafrdkjh “kCn xq.koku “kwnª dh iwtk dh
odkyr djrs gq, dgk Fkk
jfonkl czkã.k er iwft.k Tkm gksus
xq.k ghuA
iwtfga pj.k paMky ds tm gksos
xq.k ijohu AA
Xkq:
ukud th dk dFku gSsa
esjk mins”k pgwa o.kksa dks lka>kA lkbZ
cqYys”kkg ¼1680&1758½ us Hkh dgk Fkk veyk rs gks.k xs fucsM+s rs tkr fdls
iqNuh fuvksA
vFkkZr izHkq ds njckj esa euq’; ds deZ ns[ks
tk,xas u fd tkfr
dchj Tkh us tkr ikr dk iw.kZ [k.Mu fd;k vkSj
flQZ vkSj flQZ ,d izHkq dh iwtk dk fo/kku fn;k
tkr ugha txnhl dh] gfj&tUk fd
dgka gksbZA
Tkkr ikr ds dhp esa] Mwc ejks er
dksbZAA
vFkkZr ;fn izHkq dh dksbZ tkr ugh arks bUlku
dh D;k tkr gks ldrh gSA
vki th fQj djrs gSaa]
,d tksfr ls lHk mriuk] dkS czkã.k dkS lwn ¼dchj] xzaFkoyh i`’B 82½
vki th dk dFku gS%
ekVh ,d vusd Hkakfr dj lkth lktu
gkjSA
Uk
dNq iksp ekVh ds HkkaMs] u dNq iksp dqaekjS AA
vFkkZr~ ml izHkq :ih dqegkj us lc euq’; :ih
crZu ,d tSlh feV~Vh
i`Foh] ikuh] gok] vXuh] rFkk vdk”k ls cuk,
gSA ml ds cuk, euq’;ksa esa Hksn Hkko djuk izHkq ls uQjr djus ds cjkcj gS ml dh
dkjhxjh ds udkjuk gSA dchj lkfgc th dk dFku tks xq# xzaFk lkfgc ds i=k 324 esa
ntZ ij mls nsf[k, ] ;g rks li’V djrk gS fd tc izHkq us euq’; tho ds tUe ysus ]
ejus] [kku iku] ukfM+;ksa es nkSM+rs [kwu] “kjhj dh jpuk ,d tSlh dh gS tks fQj
tkfr vk/kkfjr Hksn Hkko dh xqatkb”k dgka jg tkrh gS A vk th dk “kCn gS
tks
rqe czkã.k tk;k] rÅ vku ckV dksgw u vk;k A fQj dgk%
rqe
dr czkã.k ge dr lwn A ge dr ygw rqe dr nw/k A fQj dgk xeZ ckl esa dqy ugh tkrh
AA czã foanw ls lHk mrikVh AA
;g okf.k;k tkr vfeekuh czkgk.kksa dks oaxkj
ugh rks vkSj D;k gS A
xq:
xzaFk lkfgc ds i=k 349 ij **tk.kgq tksfr uk iwNgq tkrh
ukjh
tkfr dh fojks/krk dk [k.M+u %
euqd`Rk
euqLe`frZ dh ekus rks ukfj dks vkius rkSj ij dqN ugha djuk pkfg, pkgs og ml dk
vkiuk ?kj gh D;ksa u gks ¼5 & 147½ L=h dks vkius firk] ifr ;k iq= dh lÙkk
esa jguk pkfg, bls vktknh ugha nsuh pkfg,A ¼5 & 148½ ,d vkSjr dks lnk vkius ifr dh
lsok esa thou xqtkjrk pkfg, pkgs og fdruk Hkh cqjk D;ksa u gks A jke pfjrekul
¼1575 bZŒ ½ esa xksLokeh rqylh nkl ¼1532 & 1623 bZŒ ½ th us ukjh dks tUe ls
gh vifo= fy[k fn;k rFkk “kqHk xfr ikus ds fy, mls flQZ vkids ifr dh lsok esa
yhu jguk pkfg, A ¼v”’;
dk.M lks0 5 ¼d½A
dchj lkfgc th dk dFku
dÅu
dks iqj[k dkSÅu dks ukjh**
bvk
rÙk ysgq ljhj fopkjh ¼xq: xzaFk lkfgc i=kk 331½
vFkZkr Hkys vkneh rÙk ;fu vlyh;r dk fopkj djA
ukjh iq:’k ds “kjhj D;k ,d tSls ugha gSa A
dchj
th us dgk
br
vmjr ¼ukjh½ enZ lkts Hk, lHk :Ik rqekjs AA
Jh
xq: ukud th Hkh dchj th ds dFku dks lPp ekurs gq, dg jgs gS A
iqj[k
efg ukfj ukfj efg iqj[kk cw>gw czã Kkuh**
¼xq-x-l-iUuk
879½
vFkZr ukjh esa iq:’k vkSj iq:’k es ukjh lekbZ
gS ( ;g Kkuh yksx tkurs gSa A
xq: ukud th us D;k [kwclwjr dgk gSA
lks D;ks eank vkf[k, ftr tefg jktkuq ¼xq-xza-
lk iuzk 473½
HkfDr ygj ds nwLjs lUrksa us Hkh ukjh dks Åpk
ntkZ fn;k gS A ;fn lUrksa dh ckr yksx ekurs rks vkt lfr] Hkzw.k gR;k] ngst ij
gR;k,a] ukjh dks ihVuk dHkh dk cUn gqvk gksrk A
ckfgjeq[kh
iwtk dks udkjuk
¼v½ iwtk
LFky% lc lUrksa us ckfgj eq[kh iwtk ds vkMcjksa dks Qtwy dgk gS % lUrksa us rks
izHkq nkjk cuk, “kjkhj esa gh izHkq dks <w<usa dks dgk gS A
Xkq:
jfonkl th dFku gS
r:d
¼eqLyeku½ elhfr vYyg <w¡<b] nsgjs ¼eafnj ½ fgUnw jke xqlkbZ A
jfonkl
<w¡<;k jke jghe dwa] tag elhr nsgjk ukagh AA
dchj
lkfgo us dgk Fkk
dadj
iRFkj tksM+ dj] eLftn ybZ pquk;s A
rk
p<+ eqYyk ckax ns] cgjk Hk;k [kqnk; AA
rqjd
elhrs fgUnw nsgjs] vki vkidks /kk,s A
vy[k
iqj[k ?kV Hkhrjs] rkdks y[kk u tk, AA
egkRek pj.knkl th dk dFku gS A
tks
tks nsgh Bkdqj nqvkjs] fru esa vki fojkts A
nsoy
esa nsor gS izdV ] vkaNh fof?k lw jkts AA
vFkZr%
euq’; dk “kjhj gh lPpk Bkdqj )kjk gS A bl esa lc nsrkvksa ls Å¡ps b’V nso] og izekRek fuokl djrk gS A
lkbZ
cqYys “kkg ¼1680 & 1758 bZ½ th dk QekZu gS A
cqYy;k
/kjelkyk /kM+okbZ ¼Mkdw½ jSgUns] Bkdqj }kjs Bx] fop elhrka dqLrhjs
¼>wBs½ vkf”kd jg.k vyx AA
rqYklh
lkfgc gkFk jl okys ¼1763 & 1843 bZŒ½ th us dgk gS
udyh
eafnj elftnks esa tk,s ln vQlksl gS A
dqnjrh
elftn dk lkfdu nq%[k mBkus ds fy, AA
flj
eqUMkuk %& yEcs cky j[kuk ;k lj eqUMkuk o pksVh
j[kuk ckfgj eq[kh lk/ku gSa ftu dk Hkkfä ls dqN ysuk nsuk ugha A ijUrq /keZ ds
Bsdsnkj czkgk.kksa us bls Hkh jLe cuk;k gS vkSj yksxksa ls iSls ,asBusa dk
lk/ku A dchj lkfgc th dgrs gS fd flj dk
dksbZ nks’k ugh bls eqUMkus ls dqN gkfly
gksus okyk ugha vly dke rks eu eqUMkus ¼dkcw djuk½ ls cusxk
dchj
eu eqafM;k] ugha dsl eqaMk, dkab AA
tks
dqN fd;k lks eu fd;k ewaMk eqaMq vtkbZ ¼Qtwy½ AA
vki
tks fQj le>krs gSa
dchj
ek, ¼eka½ ewMm frl xqj dh tk rs Hkze u tk, AA
vFkkZr
% NqBs xq: tks vkius f”k’;ksa dks Hkzze ls NqVdkjk ugha fnyk ldrs
mu
dh eka dk flj eqaMkuk pkfg,A flj eqUMkus dh fuZFkRrk dks udkjrs gq, fQj dgk fd
ckj ckj HksM+ dks eqUMk;k tkrk gS ij og cSdqUB dh vf/kdkjh ugha cu tkrh A
eqMa eqaMk, gfj feys] lHk dksbZ ysfg
eqUMk,s A
ckj ckj ds ewaMrs HksM+ cSdqUB u tk, AA
3 /keZ
“kkL=ksa dk i<+uk%& lc egkiq:iksa us fo|k v/;au dks
izkFkfedrk nh gS rFk bls lc ds fy,
vfuok;Z dgk A /keZ xzaFkksa ds i<+us dh
eukgh ugha dh D;ksafd bu /keZ xzFkksa esa egkvuqHkoh vkRekvksZ ds vuqHko
dk upksM+ ntZ gS A ;g eqfd dh jkg n”kkZrs gSa ijUrq Loa; eas eqfØ nkrk ughA
ijUrq /keZ ds Bsdsnkjks us /keZ xzFkksZa dks Ikjksfgrksa] iknfj;ksa }kjk
i<+s tkus dks eqfDrh izkfIr dk lk/ku
dg Mkyk vkSj lh/ks lkns yksxksa dks Bxus dk lk/ku cuk fy, A LkUrksa us /keZ
xzFkksa ds ikBu dks eqfd` izkfIr ds lk/ku gksus dks udkjk gS A lUrksa us izse
ekxZ dks gh egkurk nh gS A
dchj
lfgc dk dFku gS A
D;k
if<+, D;k xqfu,s ** D;k csn iqjkuk lqfu,s **
Ik<s+ xqus D;k gksbZ ** tm lgt u fefy;k
lksbZ ¼xq: xzaFk lkfgc i`’B 525 ½
fQj vki th us dgk Fkk
csn
Hkjksls ikaMs Mwfc ejfg ¼xq-x-lk-iUuk
970½
vkidh
dk ,d vksj dFku ns[ks%
csn iqjku i<+s dk D;k xq.k
[kj pUnu tl HkkjkA
jku uke xfr ugh tkuh ] dSls mujfl Ikkjk ¼dchj
xzFkkoyh lk[kh laxzg 1103½
vFkZr
fcuk fopkjs osn iqj.kksa ds i<+uk rks x/ks ij pUnu dk yknuk gS A
;fn jke
jke dk fleju ugha fd;k rks Lkalkj :ih Hkolkxj ls ikj dSls
mrjksxs A
dchj th us dgk Fkk *iksFkh if<+ if<+ tx
eqvk] iafMr Hkvk u dks;A v<+kbZ v{kj isze ds i<+s lks iafM+r gks, gqvk u
dks;A vki th us fQj Qjek;k vtkes/k] xkses/k ;K] v”o es/k] ujes/k] dgfga dchj
v/keZ dks] /keZ crkos OksnA
xq: ukud th us Hkh
d;k [kwc dgk gS A
if<+,s tsrs cjl
cjl if<+js tsrs ekl A
if<+,s tsrs vkjtk
if<+,s tSrs lkl
ukud
ys[ks bfd xfy gksj >[kuk >kf[k jHk[kuk Hkkf[k AA
¼xq: xzaFk i`’B 65½A
¼u½ ekuo jfpr fØ;kvksa dks udkjuk%
eqfd izkfi ds fy, A taxy Hkze.k] bUnzh lka/kuka ] uxu jguk ] flj eqUMkuk ;k
pksVh j[kuk
lqUr djuk vkfn dks lHk Hkxrksa ] ihjksa Qdhjsa] xq:vksa us udkjk
gS
dchj bu fd;kvksa dks udkjrs gq, dgrs gS %
uxu fQjr tks ikbZ,s
tksxqAA
cu dk e`x eqfDr
lHkq gksxq AA
EkwaM eqUMk, tks
flf/k ikbZ AA ¼flf/k & tUe eju ds pØ ds eqfؽ
eqfDr HksM u xbZ vk
dkbZ AA
fcanw jkf[k tks
rfj, HkkbZ
[kqljS D;ksa u
izeefr ibZ ¼vkfn xzaFk 324 i=k½ ¼[kqLjkS & fgtM+k½
;fn uxu fQjus ls ;ksx feyrk rks e`x tks lnk
uax gh jgrk D;ksa ije xfr dks ugh izkIr gksrk A flj eqUMku ls ;fn eqfd feys rks
HksM+ gj lky esa nks ckj ewMh tkrh gS
dks flf) feyuh pkfg, A ;fg l`tu djrk dk fo/kku jksd dj eqfØ feyrh rks fgozM+ks dks
gh feyuh pkfg, A
¼l½ dksbZ LFkku Hkh vifo= ugha
%& ijksfgrksa )kjk QSyk, Hkzeksa esa ,d ;g
Hkh Fk fd vUr le; ;fn dk”kh esa “kjhj R;kxk tk, rks euq’; lh/kk LoxZ
tkrk gS A vkSj exgj vkeuh unh ds ikl og
LFkku tgka egkRek c`) us viuk “kjhj R;kxk
Fkk ftls gkMUck Hkh dgk x;k gS esa ejus
ls udZ gh feyrk gSA ¼exgj cukjl ls 175 ehy rFkk xksj[kiqj ls 13 eh okLrh fty
esa okD;k gS½A
dchj lkfgc dk dFku gS A eugq dBksj ejS
ckukjfl ujdq u ckafp;k tkbZA gfj dk lar ejs gkMUcS rka lxyh lSu rjkbZ AA
¼vkfn xzaFk lfgc 484 ½
vFkkZr dBksj eu euq’; ;fn cukjl esa Hkh ejs
rks udZ gh tk,xk ;fu tUe dj.k ds pØls ugh NwV ldrk A ijUrq ;fn izHkq dk I;kjk
lUr exgj esa Hkh “kkjhj R;kxrk gS rks vkiuh lkjh laxr dks rkj ysrk gSA
vFkkZr dchj th us lkjh vk;q f”koiq=h dkalh
esa gh ri fd;k vkSj ekSr ds le; exgj vk x;k gw¡ D;ksfd ge us dkalh vkSj exgj
dks ,d fopkj fd;k gSA vki th us ,d nwljs “kCn esa dgk
vCk dgq jke dou xr eksjh AA rthys cukjl efr
HkbZ Fkksjh AA
lxy tUe f”koiqjh xaok;k AA ejrh ckj exgj mB vk;k AA
cgqr cjl ri fd;k dklh AA
ejus Hk;k exgfj dh oklh AA
dkalh exgj lHk fopkjh ¼vk- xz- l 326½
ekyk rFk fryd yxkus dk
[k.Mu &
dchj th us uhys] ihys] yky] gjs] xs:,s diM+s
iguus rFkk “kjhj ij fryd dk Nkik yxokuk] dbZ izdkj dh ekyk,sa iguuk] Hksl /kkj.k
djus dks udkjs gq, dgk & ekyk] fryd igfj euekuk yksdu jke f[kyksuk tkuk*
ekyk rks dj esa fQjs ftogk fQjs eq[k ekfg
euqvk rs] ngfnl Hkjesa ;g rk flej.k ukfgaA
lkjka”k
%& lnxq: dchj th ,d mPp dksfV ds lUr] fuMZj lekt lq/kkjd] fuZHkhd dfo]
LR;Hkk’kh bUlku] lPph ckr dks [kjh [kjh dgus okys xjhc nksLr Fks A og okfgjeq[kh
Qtwy dh /kkfeZd fØ;kvksa ds dêj fojks/kh Fks ijUrq gj ckr rjdiwZo d le>krs
Fks A dchj ¼”kCnkFkZ izHkq½ th us vkiuh ok.kh dks vkius f”k”kksa rd igqpkus okLrs
nwj nwj rd ;k=k, dh A vki th] ;wih ]fogkj] mM+hlk e/; izns”k] jktLFkku] iatkc]
egjk’nz] xqtjkr vkfn eas x,A dchj th us vkius ledkyhu LkUrksa ] lekt lq/kkfjdks
ds lkFk feydj ,d LorU= lekt dh uhao j[kh A vki th us Jh xq: jfonkl th ds lkFk
feydj etgch dgj iaFkh lekt esa ekuoh lekt dk uhoa iRFkj j[kk A blls Hkkjr es
yksdrU= lekt o jkT; dh uhoa Hkh iDdh dhA vkith us /kkfeZd fiatjs oUn lekt dks
,d LorU= jkg fn[kk dj ekuork dh Hkjiwj lsok dh A izHkq vkSj bUlku ds chp Bsdsnkjh
dk fu;e rksM+kA Lo;a vkius gkFkksa dh dekbZ ij xqtkjk fd;k vkSj vkSjksa dks
,slk djus dh lYkkg gh A vki lUrksa us izHkq Hkxrh dk ,d ek= lh/kk lk/kk ekxZ
uke dh dekbZ vkSj lPps xq: ls fn{kk izkIr djuk crk;kA ckfgj eq[kh fØ;kvksa dh f[kYyh
mMkbZ ekyk fryd Ikfguus dh fuvZFkrk dks mtkxj fd;kA dchj lkfgc tks us dgk fd
iw.kZ xq: gh djrk iq:[k dh Hksth gqbZ gLrh gS tks lc dqN djrh gS A
uk dqN fd;k u
dfj ldk ] u djus ;ksx “kjhj A
tks dqN fd;k lkfgc fd;k] rk rs HkbZ;k dchj A ¼dchj
lk[kh laxzfg 103½ vkidh dh lkjh fQykLQh bl NksVs ls Økafrdkjh “kCn esa iw.kZ
mtkxj gS%& lk/kks ns[kks tx ckSjkuk A
lkafp dgksa rks ekju ?kkoS] >+wBs tx ifr;kuk A
fgUnw dgrs gSa jke gekjk] eqLyeku jgekuk A
vkil esa nksÅ yM+ejkr gSa ] eje dksbZ ugh tkuk AA
cgqr feyS eq>s useh /kehZ] izkrs djsa vLukuk A
vkRe NksM ik[kkus iwtSa] frudk FkksFk Kkuk AA
vklu ekfj fM< Hkj cSBsa] eu esa cgqr xqekuk A
ihrj ikFkj iwtu ykxS] rhFkZ czr Hkqykuk AA
ekyk ifgj Vksih ifgj Nki fryd vuqeku A
lk[kh lcnS xkor HkwyS] vkRe [kcj u tkrkA
?kj ?kj ea= tks nsr fQjr gSa] ekbZ;k] ds vfHkekukA
x:ck lkfgr f”kf”k lHk cwMSa] vURkdky ifNrkukA
cgqr rd ns[ks ihj vkSfy;k] iM+Sa fdrkc dqjkukA
djSa] eqjhn dcj Okyyko] mUgaw [kqnk u tkukAA
fgUnw dh n;k esgj rqjdu dh nksuks ?kV ls Hkkxh
og djSa ftogk os >Vdk ekjs vkx nksÅ ?kj ykxhA
;k fof/k galr pyr gSa gedksa] vki dgk,a fl;kuk
dgSa dchj lquks HkkbZlk/kkss] bu esa dkSu fnokuk ¼dchj
“kCn oyh Hkx 44½
dchj lkfgc fdlh /keZ
fo”ks’k ds fojks/kh ugh Fks ijUrq /ekZU/k dZqfjfr;ksa ds fojk/kh Fks A vki us lkjs
lalkj dks lh/kk lk/kk izHkq izkfr dk ekxZ ork;k A ijUrq ;g lc dgus lquus dh
ckVasa u gks dj Loa; fufr oU/k rjhds ls djus dh ckrsa gS A dchj th ds dgus
vuqlkj izHkq izkfIr dk exZ mldh cukbZ nqfu;k ls izse djuk gS] vkius xq# dk dgk
eku dj uke fleju dh ;qfä dks viukuk gS A
lU?koZ xzFak %
1- xq:
jfonkl fgUnh ] vaxzth RSSS Beas
2- LkUr
pjunkl RSSS Beas
3- lUr
dchj iatkch RSSS Beas
4- Kabir
the weaver of God’s name RSSS Beas
5-
dgs jfonkl pekjk Penguin
Books xqjuke flag eqLrlj
6-
>wB u cksys js iakMs Penguin
Books xqjuke flag eqLrlj
7- The
saints by Karina Schomer
WH Mc Leod ML BS (1987)
8
jkepfj= ekul
xhrk izsl xksj[kiqj
9
The law of Manu Penguin
Books ( 1991)
Translated by Wendy Doniger
with Brain K. Smith
gsejkt QkSalk
TkEew
Since in majority cases not much was written down about the lives and teaching of the mystic saints, by saints
themselves or their educated devotees. Saints never wanted anything in their
glorification and there was wide spread illiteracy among their devotees. Many
things about their life events were carried orally through ages. So confusions, variation and contradictions
mixed up later about their parenthoods, places of birth, family details, religion or
castes, dates associated with their life facts including
births and deaths. Later writers collected different clues from different
sources so forming their own views, but at
times varying with one another. In case of Dalit saints this version had more
relevancies. After long discussions and comparison of different research works
by different scholars, some facts were churned out to be most acceptable. The
largely accepted facts about the life of revered Jagat Guru Ravi Das are given here. Whereas
differences in different writers still persists.